America: The Farewell
Tour
by Chris Hedges
Simon & Schuster 2018
ISBN: 978-1-5011-5267-2 (hardcover)
Chris Hedges doesn't mess around in his new book America: The Farewell Tour. He believes
fascism is already entrenched in America, that it may in fact be America. And while this thought
comes, surprise to no one, as a reaction to the election of Trump, Hedges is
one of those troublemakers from the far left (like me) who thinks Trump is an
effect, not a cause. He's also not unsympathetic to the working poor, and
non-working poor, Trump supporters that Democrats have abandoned. When most
writers might put their solutions at the end of the book, Hedges is already
offering some general ones in his first chapter, "Decay", while
discussing Antonio Gramsci, and Italian Marxist philosopher:
Gramsci
would have despaired of the divide in the United States between our anemic left
ad the working class. The ridiculing of Trump supporters, the failure to listen
to and heed the legitimate suffering of the working poor, including the white
working poor, ensures that any revolt will be stillborn. Those of us who seek
to overthrow the corporate state will have to begin locally. This means
advocating issues such as raising the minimum wage, fighting for clean water,
universal health care, and good public education, including free university
education, that speak directly to the improvement of the lives of the working
class. It does not mean lecturing the working class, and especially the white
working class, about multiculturalism and identity politics. We cannot battle
racism, bigotry, and hate crimes, often stoked by the ruling elites, without
first battling for economic justice. When we speak in the language of justice
first, and the language of inclusiveness second, we will begin to blunt the
proto-fascism embraced by many Trump supporters.
Hedges earned a degree from Harvard Divinity School, then
ended up becoming a foreign war correspondent for the New York Times, earning a
Pulitzer along the way. The author of many NTY bestsellers, he teaches at the
university level, hosts a show on the RT
Network and somehow finds the time to teach in prisons. His style sounds like someone who has come out of
a divinity school: When talking with his subjects there's a slight though
compassionate detachment. Hedges only occasionally inserts himself in scenes,
usually with a pointed question, but there's a warmth and obvious sympathy, and
at least an empathy with what might be considered unsympathetic people: he's
very aware that the poor white Trump supporters he's talking with are hurting,
economically and sometimes physically, from an economy that has left them
behind.
America: The Farewell
Tour collects a series of ethnographies, a 'tour' of different towns across
America, interviewing people feeling the effects of American decay. And at
times just seeing the effects on
people, is powerful enough. Hedges generally gives little judgment, acting more
as a witness, though including historical and cultural context from experts in
the related fields. Sometimes though, Hedges provides a little argument, ways
he thinks people on the left could be doing things better. His sympathies are
definitely from the left, but just as definitely not with center-left
Democrats. As a whole, the chapters form a larger, depressing, though honest
picture of what's going on in (i.e. what's wrong with) America. That is, what's
been wrong with America for a while.
Hedges is at his strongest when he's basically just
listening, letting people speak, but when he does have an opinion, he's made
some enemies on the left for it, especially with the antifa movement, which he
discusses in the chapter "Hate". I'm sure readers are familiar at
least with the basics of the group, that they're 'anti-fascist', and that they
are an aggressive response to the white supremacist demonstrations, like the
one in Charlottesville when Heather Heyer lost her life.
Hedges was on the ground at the protest, talking to the
white supremacists, who don't come off well. But neither do the antifa
protesters. Their basic argument is that they need to wipe out the neo-nazis
and white supremacists in these smaller rallies before they get bigger, that if
people had just done that back in 1930s Germany, the Nazis would never have
come to power. But Hedges, being a good historian, points out that in fact
people did try to do that back then,
and it was fear of militant, an violent, leftist protestors that drove people
to the apparent stability and strength of the Nazis. Hedges fears the same
here. Also, aside from the basic arguments about the right for anyone to have
free speech and free assembly (meaning especially
people who you don't agree with) guaranteed in our Bill of Rights, he argues
that using any kind of violence during protests is actually an ego-trip that
becomes more important than what people might be protesting for. Hedges uses a
quote from another Italian writer, Ennio Flaiano, to sum it up: "There are
two kinds of fascists: fascists and anti-fascists."
For making argument like this, his classes are protested and
disrupted by the antifa folks. This left vs. left infighting reminds me of the Marvel Civil War comic book series, when
Captain American and Iron Man and their respective teams fought while the Green
Goblin took over. Except we have the Orange Goblin.
The irony is that for Hedges, in America: The Farewell Tour, it's already too late. Fascism, in all
its forms, is already thriving in America, a view which he shares with his
antifa protestors. I'm not sure. Maybe I'm in denial, but the fascism scare
here reminds me of the whole Russia scare that's been going on in the MSM. The
difference, of course, is that the liberals/democrats who talk of fascism and
the Russians stealing our elections do so to distract and avoid blame for their
own destructive and/or lame policies. Hedges isn't trying to distract, he
really believes it, and believes the democrats are complicit, which is why he's
not otherwise embraced by the mainstream media.
Hedges' ethnographic approach works less well when he delves
into sex, and pornography, and prostitution, in the chapter titled
"Sadism". His cause-and-effects are weaker, at least between the sex
and everything else. He begins this part of his tour of America taking a couple
classes on kinky sex at the former headquarters of kink.com in San Francisco,
which Hedges plays/writes straight, just regurgitating what the 'instructor'
says, though I'm not sure if his intention is to shock or amuse. But that's not
even the (unintentionally?) funniest part of the chapter, which is when he writes
a couple play-by-plays of scenes in porn movies. I wish David Foster Wallace
was still around to handle this stop on the tour.
Hedges tries to tie the classes at the kink.com building to the porn that was filmed there, and to porn in
general, which leads, always apparently, to prostitution and viewing child porn.
I wish Hedges could have devoted an entire chapter to each of these subjects,
because the line from people who like kink (Hedges is apparently not) to people
who like to watch porn involving kink, to prostitution deserves more time,
because the implication is that those of us who do like kink are guilty of
forcing women into human trafficking. Hedges only ends up interviewing two porn
actresses, neither of whom I've never heard of. He, and they, are pretty
graphic about why/how they're not, and it's not pretty. But I would have liked
him to interview more people who seem to have done ok in the industry, like
Belladonna or Nina Hartley (who he actually mentions briefly for her role as a
Hillary Clinton lookalike in a porn film). I would have liked, too, that he interview
some sex/porn-friendly writers and critics like, say, Suzie Bright or Kate
Bornstein. You don't have to be a prude to think prostitution and human
trafficking are horrible.
The powerful part of the chapter is about those subjects. Hedges, though, downplays/negates
his previous cause-and-effect for what I think, and I think he really thinks,
is the real cause of prostitution,
which to nobody's surprise is economics: poor women, and some men, end up in
prostitution as a way to make money, because they don't have any other options
in our beloved American (non)welfare system, though as Hedges shows,
convincingly, no one knows how bad it can become, and they can/will be lied to
and forced to do horrible things.
I don't deny that many porn actresses end up in
prostitution, and porn itself can be/is prostitution—sex for money—but Hedges
seems unwilling to believe that some normal real-life women actually like pain
and humiliation with their sex and seems to believe, from the one 'expert' he
interviews, that modern day porn has warped our minds such that we now only
think in kink, and can only get aroused by extreme situations. An otherwise
good historian, he could have, since this chapter is in fact called
"Sadism", gone back to the writings of the Marquis de Sade, considered
a literary hero en France, to see
that humans have been perving out for a long time. Perhaps his divinity
school-ness betrays him here.
Though America: The
Farewell Tour does depressingly feel like a farewell, to perhaps literally
the existence of America and at least to the idea of America as a great nation
and certainly to the idea of America as a respected power in the world, Hedges
has some hope, detailed in his final
chapter "Freedom", with activist groups such the Catholic Worker
Movement, Earth Quaker Action Team, Hands Up United (in Fergeson, Missouri),
The Free Alabama Movement (organized by prisoners within the prison system) and
the Standing Rock Water Protectors:
The
resistance by the water protectors at Standing Rock provides the template for
future resistance movements. It was nonviolent. It was sustained. It as highly
organized. It was grounded in spiritual, historical, and cultural traditions.
It grew organically out of community. And it lit the conscience of the nation.
The key word there is community, and not the kind you find
online: Hedges doesn't have much faith in internet activism. Nor for mainstream
politics. Despite what people would have you believe, especially after the
'blue ripple' of the mid-term elections, voting is not what will effect true
change:
Resistance...will
come from outside the formal political system. It will not be embraced by the
two main political parties or most institutions, which are under corporate
control....We will have to build new, parallel institutions that challenges the
hegemony of corporate power. It will not be easy. It will take time. We cannot
accept foundation money and grants from established institutions that seek to
curtail the radical process of reconstituting society. Trust in the system, and
especially the Democratic Party, to carry out reform and wrest back our
democracy ensures our enslavement.
This
process of institution building permits organizers and activists to eventually
pit power against power. Politics is a game of fear. Those who do not have the
ability to frighten power elites do not succeed. All of the movements that
opened up the democratic space in America—the abolitionists, the suffragists, the
labor movement, the communists, the socialists, the anarchists, and the civil
rights movement—developed a critical mass and militancy that forced the centers
of power to respond. The platitudes about justice, equality, and democracy are
just that. Only when the ruling elites become worried about survival do they
react. Appealing to the better nature of the powerful is useless. They don't
have one.
